Manejo clínico del shock poscardiotomía en pacientes adultos / Clinical management of postcardiotomy shock in adults

Postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock represents the most serious expression of low cardiac output syndrome after cardiac surgery. Although infrequent, it is a relevant condition due to its specific and complex pathophysiology and important morbidity-mortality. The diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion and multimodal hemodynamic monitoring, where echocardiography and the pulmonary arterial catheter play a main role. Early and multidisciplinary management should focus on the management of postoperative or mechanical complications and the optimization of determinants of cardiac output through fluid therapy or diuretic treatments, inotropic drugs and vasopressors/vasodilators and, in the absence of a response, early mechanical circulatory support. The aim of this paper is to review and update the pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock (AU)

El shock cardiogénico poscardiotomía representa la situación clínica más grave del síndrome de bajo gasto poscirugía cardiaca. Aunque infrecuente, su fisiopatología específica y compleja y su elevada morbimortalidad lo convierten en una entidad especialmente relevante en el contexto de la medicina intensiva. El diagnóstico requiere un elevado índice de sospecha clínica y monitorización multimodal, con un papel fundamental para la ecocardiografía y el catéter de arteria pulmonar. Su manejo debe ser precoz, escalonado y dinámico, multisistémico, multidisciplinar, basado en resolver potenciales complicaciones mecánicas y optimizar los determinantes del gasto cardiaco mediante aporte de volumen o tratamiento deplectivo, fármacos inotrópicos y vasopresores/vasodilatadores y, en ausencia de respuesta, soporte circulatorio mecánico precoz. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una revisión narrativa y una actualización de la fisiopatología, el diagnóstico y el manejo clínico del shock poscardiotomía. Además, se proponen pautas de actuación que faciliten el manejo clínico diario (AU)

Clinical management of postcardiotomy shock in adults.

Postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock represents the most serious expression of low cardiac output syndrome after cardiac surgery. Although infrequent, it is a relevant condition due to its specific and complex pathophysiology and important morbidity-mortality. The diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion and multimodal hemodynamic monitoring, where echocardiography and the pulmonary arterial catheter play a main role. Early and multidisciplinary management should focus on the management of postoperative or mechanical complications and the optimization of determinants of cardiac output through fluid therapy or diuretic treatments, inotropic drugs and vasopressors/vasodilators and, in the absence of a response, early mechanical circulatory support. The aim of this paper is to review and update the pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock.

Recommendations for the management of critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Intensive Care Units.

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the admission of a high number of patients to the ICU, generally due to severe respiratory failure. Since the appearance of the first cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection, at the end of 2019, in China, a huge number of treatment recommendations for this entity have been published, not always supported by sufficient scientific evidence or with methodological rigor necessary. Thanks to the efforts of different groups of researchers, we currently have the results of clinical trials, and other types of studies, of higher quality. We consider it necessary to create a document that includes recommendations that collect this evidence regarding the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19, but also aspects that other guidelines have not considered and that we consider essential in the management of critical patients with COVID-19. For this, a drafting committee has been created, made up of members of the SEMICYUC Working Groups more directly related to different specific aspects of the management of these patients.

[Recommendations for the management of critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Intensive Care Units]. / Recomendaciones para el manejo de los pacientes críticos con COVID-19 en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos.

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the admission of a high number of patients to the ICU, generally due to severe respiratory failure. Since the appearance of the first cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection, at the end of 2019, in China, a huge number of treatment recommendations for this entity have been published, not always supported by sufficient scientific evidence or with methodological rigor necessary. Thanks to the efforts of different groups of researchers, we currently have the results of clinical trials, and other types of studies, of higher quality. We consider it necessary to create a document that includes recommendations that collect this evidence regarding the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19, but also aspects that other guidelines have not considered and that we consider essential in the management of critical patients with COVID-19. For this, a drafting committee has been created, made up of members of the SEMICYUC Working Groups more directly related to different specific aspects of the management of these patients.

Perioperative management in cardiovascular surgery. / Manejo perioperatorio en cirugía cardiovascular.

Cardio-surgical patient care requires a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach to develop strategies to improve patient safety and outcomes. In the preoperative period, prophylaxis for frequent postoperative complications, such as de novo atrial fibrillation or bleeding, and prehabilitation based on exercise training, respiratory physiotherapy and nutritional and cognitive therapy, especially in fragile patients, stand out. There have been great advances, during the intraoperative phase, such as minimally invasive surgery, improved myocardial preservation, enhanced systemic perfusion and brain protection during extracorporeal circulation, or implementation of Safe Surgery protocols. Postoperative care should include goal-directed hemodynamic theraphy, a correct approach to coagulation disorders, and a multimodal analgesic protocol to facilitate early extubation and mobilization. Finally, optimal management of postoperative complications is key, including arrhythmias, vasoplegia, bleeding, and myocardial stunning that can lead to low cardiac output syndrome or, in extreme cases, cardiogenic shock. This global approach and the high degree of complexity require highly specialised units where intensive care specialists add value and are key to obtain more effective and efficient clinical results.

ARIAM, 25 años salvando corazones / ARIAM, 25 years saving hearts

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Índice de cardioplejía infundida: una nueva herramienta en la protección miocárdica. Un estudio de cohortes / Infused cardioplegia index: A new tool to improve myocardial protection. A cohort study

Objetivo: La cardioprotección es esencial en la revascularización coronaria quirúrgica. En este estudio exploramos la relación existente entre el tiempo que una masa miocárdica permanece en situación de isquemia y la dosis de cardioplejía utilizada para su preservación, reflejada a través del índice de cardioplejía infundida, con el desarrollo de bajo gasto cardiaco postoperatorio. Diseño: Se incluyeron todos los pacientes sometidos a revascularización coronaria quirúrgica entre enero de 2013 y diciembre de 2015. El síndrome de bajo gasto cardiaco postoperatorio se definió siguiendo los criterios del documento de consenso de la SEMYCIUC. Se analizaron los factores perioperatorios asociados al síndrome de bajo gasto cardiaco y, mediante la curva ROC, se determinó el punto de corte del índice de cardioplejía infundida para predecir la ausencia del mismo. Resultados: De los 360 pacientes incluidos, 116 (32%) presentaron bajo gasto postoperatorio. Los factores de riesgo independientes fueron: clasificación funcional de la New York Heart Association (OR 1,8 [IC 95%=1,18-2,55]), la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo (OR 0,95 [IC 95%=0,93-0,98]), el empleo de cardioplejía retrógrada (OR 1,2 [IC 95%=1,03-1,50]) y el índice de cardioplejía infundida (OR 0,99 [IC 95%=0,991-0,996]), que mostró un área bajo la curva ROC de 0,77 (0,70-0,83; p<0,001) para la ausencia de síndrome de bajo gasto cardiaco postoperatorio, usando como punto de corte óptimo 23,6ml·min-1(100g/m2 de VI)-1. Conclusiones: El índice de cardioplejía infundido es inversamente proporcional a los requerimientos postoperatorios de inotropos, pudiendo constituir una estrategia para optimizar la cardioprotección. El volumen total de cardioplejía intermitente debería calcularse, de forma individualizada, en base al índice de masa del ventrículo izquierdo y el tiempo de isquemia

Background: Strategies for cardio-protection are essential in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The authors explored the relationship between cardioplegia volume, left ventricular mass index and ischemia time by means of the infused cardioplegia index and its relationship with post-operative low cardiac output syndrome. Design: All patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery between January 2013 and December 2015 were included. Low cardiac output syndrome was defined according to criteria of the SEMICYUC's consensus document. The perioperative factors associated with low cardiac output syndrome were estimated, and using a ROC curve, the optimum cut-off point for the infused cardioplegia index to predict the absence of low cardiac output syndrome was calculated. Results: Of 360 patients included, 116 (32%) developed low cardiac output syndrome. The independent risk predictors were: New York Heart Association Functional Classification (OR 1.8 [95% CI=1.18-2.55]), left ventricle ejection fraction (OR 0.95 (95% CI=0.93-0.98]), ICI (OR 0.99 [95% CI=0.991-0.996]) and retrograde cardioplegia (OR 1.2 [95% CI=1.03-1.50]). The infused cardioplegia index showed an area under the ROC curve of 0.77 (0.70-0.83; P<.001) for the absence of postoperative low cardiac output syndrome using the optimum cut-off point of 23.6ml·min-1(100g/m2 of LV)-1. Conclusions: The infused cardioplegia index presents an inverse relationship with the development of post-operative low cardiac output syndrome. This index could form part of new strategies aimed at optimising cardio-protection. The total volume of intermittent cardioplegia, especially that of maintenance, should probably be individualised, adjusting for ischemia time and left ventricle mass index

Infused cardioplegia index: A new tool to improve myocardial protection. A cohort study. / Índice de cardioplejía infundida: una nueva herramienta en la protección miocárdica. Un estudio de cohortes.

BACKGROUND: Strategies for cardio-protection are essential in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The authors explored the relationship between cardioplegia volume, left ventricular mass index and ischemia time by means of the infused cardioplegia index and its relationship with post-operative low cardiac output syndrome. DESIGN: All patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery between January 2013 and December 2015 were included. Low cardiac output syndrome was defined according to criteria of the SEMICYUC's consensus document. The perioperative factors associated with low cardiac output syndrome were estimated, and using a ROC curve, the optimum cut-off point for the infused cardioplegia index to predict the absence of low cardiac output syndrome was calculated. RESULTS: Of 360 patients included, 116 (32%) developed low cardiac output syndrome. The independent risk predictors were: New York Heart Association Functional Classification (OR 1.8 [95% CI=1.18-2.55]), left ventricle ejection fraction (OR 0.95 (95% CI=0.93-0.98]), ICI (OR 0.99 [95% CI=0.991-0.996]) and retrograde cardioplegia (OR 1.2 [95% CI=1.03-1.50]). The infused cardioplegia index showed an area under the ROC curve of 0.77 (0.70-0.83; P<.001) for the absence of postoperative low cardiac output syndrome using the optimum cut-off point of 23.6ml·min-1(100g/m2 of LV)-1. CONCLUSIONS: The infused cardioplegia index presents an inverse relationship with the development of post-operative low cardiac output syndrome. This index could form part of new strategies aimed at optimising cardio-protection. The total volume of intermittent cardioplegia, especially that of maintenance, should probably be individualised, adjusting for ischemia time and left ventricle mass index.